Spanish Words and Phrases

¡Buenos días! bway-nohs dee-ahs Hello! / Good morning!	¡Buenas tardes! bway-nahs tard-ays Good afternoon!	¡Buenas noches! bway-nahs noh-chays Good evening! / Good night!
¡Hola! / ¡Chao! oh-lah / chow Hi! / Bye!	Adiós. ah-dee-ohs Good bye.	Por favor. por fah-bor Please.
Hasta la vista / Hasta luego. ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah-stah loo-ay-go See you / See you later.	Hasta pronto. ah-stah prohn-toh See you soon.	Hasta mañana. ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah See you tomorrow.
(Muchas) Gracias. (moo-chahs) grah-see-ahs Thank you (very much).	De nada. day nah-dah You're welcome.	Bienvenidos byen-veh-nee-dohs Welcome
Lo siento loh see-ehn-toh I'm sorry	Con permiso / Perdón / Disculpe kohn pehr-mee-soh / pehr-dohn / dees-kool-peh Excuse me / Pardon me	¡Vamos! bah-mohs Let's go!
¿Cómo está usted? koh-moh ay-stah oo-sted How are you? (formal)	¿Cómo estás? koh-moh ay-stahs How are you? (informal)	¿Qué tal? kay tahl How's it going?
Bien / Muy bien bee-ehn / moy bee-ehn Good / Very good	Mal / Muy mal / Más o menos mahl / moy mahl / mahs oh may-nohs Bad / Very bad / OK	Sí / No see / noh Yes / No
¿Cómo se llama usted? koh-moh say yah-mah oo-sted What is your name? (formal)	¿Cómo te llamas? koh-moh tay yah-mahs What is your name? (informal)	Me llamo... / Mi nombre es... may yah-moh / mee nohm-breh ess My name is...
Mucho gusto. / Encantado. moo-choh goo-stoh / en-cahn-tah-doh Nice to meet you.	Igualmente. ee-guahl-mehn-tay Same here. / Same to you.	Señor / Señora / Señorita sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah / sayn-yor-ee-tah Mister / Mrs. / Miss
¿De dónde es usted? day dohn-day ehs oo-sted Where are you from? (formal)	¿De dónde eres? day dohn-day eh-rehs Where are you from? (informal)	Yo soy de... yoh soy day I'm from...
¿Cuántos años tiene usted? quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-ay-nay oo-sted How old are you? (formal)	¿Cuántos años tienes? quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-ayn-ays How old are you? (informal)	Yo tengo _____ años. yoh tayn-goh _____ ahn-yohs I am _____ years old.
¿Habla usted español? ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahn-yol Do you speak Spanish? (formal)	¿Hablas inglés? ah-blahs een-glehs Do you speak English? (informal)	(No) Hablo... noh ah-bloh I (don't) speak...
¿Entiende usted? / ¿Entiendes? ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehn-tyen-dehs Do you understand? (formal / informal)	(No) Entiendo. noh ehn-tyen-doh I (don't) understand.	Yo (no lo) se. yoh noh loh seh I (don't) know.
¿Puede ayudarme? pweh-deh ah-yoo-dar-meh Can you help me? (formal)	Claro / Claro que sí klah-roh / klah-roh keh see Sure / Of course	¿Cómo? koh-moh What? Pardon me?
¿Dónde está / Dónde están... ? dohn-deh eh-stah / dohn-deh eh-stahn Where is ... / Where are ... ?	Aquí / Ahí ah-kee / ah-ee Here / There	Hay / Había... eye / ah-bee-ah There is / are... / There was / were...
¿Cómo se dice ____ en español? koh-moh seh dee-seh ___ en eh-spahn-yol How do you say ____ in Spanish?	¿Qué es esto? keh ehs ehs-toh What is that?	¿Qué te pasa? keh teh pah-sah What's the matter (with you)?
No importa. noh eem-por-tah It doesn't matter.	¿Qué pasa? keh pah-sah What's happening?	Sin novedad. seen noh-veh-dahd Nothing much.
No tengo ninguna idea. noh tehn-goh neen-goo-nah ee-deh-ah I have no idea.	¡Buena idea! bweh-nah ee-deh-ah Good idea!	¡Pase! pah-seh Go ahead!
Estoy cansado / enfermo. eh-stoy kahn-sah-doh / ehn-fehr-moh I'm tired / sick.	Tengo hambre / sed. tehn-goh ahm-breh / sed I'm hungry / thirsty.	Tengo calor / frío. tehn-goh kah-lohr / free-oh I'm hot / cold.
Estoy aburrido. eh-stoy ah-boo-ree-doh I'm bored.	No me importa. noh meh eem-por-tah I don't care.	No se preocupe. noh seh preh-oh-koo-peh Don't worry
Está bien. ehs-tah bee-ehn That's alright. / It's ok.	Me olvidé. meh ohl-vee-deh I forgot.	Tengo que ir ahora. tehn-goh keh eer ah-oh-rah I must go now.
¿Listo? lees-toh Ready?	Quizás / Depende. kee-sahs / deh-pehn-deh Maybe / It depends.	Todavía no. toh-dah-vee-ah noh Not yet.
¡Qué chistoso! keh chees-toh-soh How funny!	¡Que le vaya bien! keh leh vah-yah bee-ehn Have a nice day!	¡Nos vemos! nohs veh-mos We'll see you!
¡Salud! sah-lood Bless you!	¡Felicitaciones! feh-lee-see-tah-see-oh-nehs Congratulations!	¡Buena suerte! bweh-nah swehr-teh Good luck!
Te toca a ti. teh toh-kah ah tee It's your turn. (informal)	¡Callate! kah-yah-teh Shut up!	Te amo. tay ah-moh I love you. (informal and singular)

Notice that Spanish has informal and formal ways of speaking. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Spanish (as well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.)

Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words. If the words refer to a woman or are spoken by a woman, then the final o changes to a: encantada, cansada, enferma, and aburrida

In Spain, as well as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, the Spanish language is called castellano instead of español.

2. Pronunciation

Spanish Letter	English Sound
a	ah
e	ay
i	ee
o	oh
u	oo
ll	y
v	b at beginning of word, real soft b between 2 vowels
ñ	ny (as in canyon)
r	almost like a d when in between 2 vowels
rr	r with a roll of the tongue
d	almost like a th when in between 2 vowels
j	hard h
g	g, sometimes a h
qu	k
ai / all / ay	eye
z	s
z, ce, ci	th (in northern Spain only)

The five vowels in Spanish are all pure vowels: [a], [e], [i], [o], [u] Be sure that you do not pronounce a diphthong as we do in English (the extra yuh or wuh sound at the end).

Stress: Just as in English, Spanish stresses a certain syllable in a word. If a word ends in a consonant, except s or n, the stress is on the last syllable. If a word ends in a vowel, or s or n, the stress is on the second-to-last syllable. For words that do no follow these rules, an accent is written over the vowel so that you will know to stress that syllable, as in el pájaro (bird).

Please keep in mind that because Spanish is spoken in many countries, there are several regional dialects and accents so pronunciation rules may not apply to all countries. This tutorial is mostly concerned with the language that is spoken in Mexico and Spain.

3. Alphabet

a	ah	j	hoh-tah	r	air-ay
b	bay	k	kah	rr	airr-ay
c	say	l	ay-lay	s	ay-say
ch	chay	ll	ay-yay	t	tay
d	day	m	ay-may	u	oo
e	ay	n	ay-nay	v	bay chee-kah
f	ay-fay	ñ	ayn-yay	w	vay doh-blay
g	hey	o	oh	x	ah-kees
h	ah-chay	p	pay	y	ee-gree-ay-gah
i	ee	q	koo	z	say-tah

The Spanish language academy no longer considers the ch, ll or rr to be separate letters in dictionaries, but they are still separate letters in the alphabet. In Spain, you can say oo-bay for v, but in Latin America most dialects just use bay and an adjective, such as chica (Mexico and Peru) or corta (Argentina and Chile).

4. Articles & Demonstratives

	Masc. Singular	Fem. Singular		Masc. Plural	Fem. Plural
the	el (ail)	la (lah)	the	los (lohs)	las (lahs)
a, an	un (oon)	una (oon-ah)	some	unos (oon-ohs)	unas (oon-ahs)
this	este	esta	these	estos	estas
that	ese	esa	those	esos	esas
that	aquel	aquella	those	aquellos	aquellas

El is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when the accent is on the first syllable. Words that end in -o and -or are generally masculine, with a few exceptions: la mano (hand), la foto (photo). Words that end in -a are generally feminine, with a few exceptions: el mapa (map), el problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -ción, -tad, -dad, or -tud.

Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are addressing. Use the aquel forms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before a noun; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an accent on all of the first e's: éste, ésta, éstos, éstas, ése, ésa, ésos, ésas, aquél, aquélla, aquéllos, aquéllas.

5. Subject Pronouns

yo	yoh	I	nosotros / nosotras	noh-soh-trohs / noh-soh-trahs	we
tú	too	you (informal)	vosotros / vosotras	boh-soh-trohs / boh-soh-trahs	you all
él / ella / usted	ail / ay-yah / oo-sted	he / she / it / you (formal)	ellos / ellas / ustedes	ay-yohs / ay-yahs / oo-sted-ays	they / they / you (plural)

Vosotros is used only in Spain when speaking to more than one person with whom you know well. Nosotras and vosotras refer to a group of all females, as well as ellas. Ustedes is almost always used for saying "you all" in all Spanish speaking countries. Usted can be abbreviated to Ud. Ustedes can also be abbreviated to Uds. Please note that the subject pronouns are rarely used before verbs.

6. To Be & to Have

ser - to be
present		past		future
soy	I am	fuí	I was	seré	I will be
eres	you are	fuiste	you were	serás	you will be
es	he/she/it is	fué	he/she/it was	será	he/she/it will be
somos	we are	fuimos	we were	seremos	we will be
sois	you are	fuisteis	you were	seréis	you will be
son	they are	fueron	they were	serán	they will be
estar - to be
present		past		future
estoy	I am	estuve	I was	estaré	I will be
estás	you are	estuviste	you were	estarás	you will be
está	he/she/it is	estuvo	he/she/it was	estará	he/she/it will be
estamos	we are	estuvimos	we were	estaremos	we will be
estáis	you are	estuvisteis	you were	estaréis	you will be
están	they are	estuvieron	they were	estarán	they will be
tener - to have
present		past		future
tengo	I have	tuve	I had	tendré	I will have
tienes	you have	tuviste	you had	tendrás	you will have
tiene	he/she/it has	tuvo	he/she/it had	tendrá	he/she/it will have
tenemos	we have	tuvimos	we had	tendremos	we will have
tenéis	you have	tuvisteis	you had	tendréis	you will have
tienen	they have	tuvieron	they had	tendrán	they will have

Highlighted forms are only used in Spain.

Ser is used to identify or describe. It tells what something is, its basic characteristics, or its origin. Estar is used to tell the location of something or how someone feels.

Uses of Ser

Identify person/object
Inherent characteristics
or qualities
Nationality/Occupation
Telling time
Express ownership
Impersonal expressions
Passive voice

El edificio es un templo.
La casa es grande.
Carlos es pobre.
Es carpintero.
Son las tres.
Los libros son de Juan.
Es necesario.
El teléfono fue inventado por Bell.

The building is a temple.
The house is large.
Charles is poor.
He is a carpenter.
It's three o'clock.
The books are John's.
It is necessary.
The telephone was invented by Bell.

Uses of Estar

Location/position
Temporary condition/state
State of health
Form progressive tense

El libro está en la mesa.
La ventana está abierta.
Juan está enfermo.
Miguel está estudiando.

The book is on the table.
The window is open.
John is sick.
Michael is studying.

Sometimes changing the verb can completely change the meaning: ser aburrido means to be boring, while estar aburrido means to be bored. Others include: ser bueno - to be nice, estar bueno - to be in good health; ser callado - to be discrete, estar callado - to be silent; ser moreno - to have brown hair, estar moreno - to be tan.

Many common expressions using the verb "be" in English use the verb "tener" in Spanish (but not all):

to be afraid	tener miedo	to be in a hurry	tener prisa, estar de prisa
to be against	estar en contra	to be jealous	tener celos
to be at fault	tener la culpa	to be lucky	tener suerte
to be careful	tener cuidado	to be patient	tener paciencia
to be cold	tener frío	to be sleepy	tener sueño
to be curious	ser curioso/a	to be successful	tener éxito
to be happy	estar contento/a	to be thirsty	tener sed
to be hot	tener calor	to be tired	estar cansado/a
to be hungry	tener hambre	to be ___ years old	tener ___ años

7. Question Words

what	qué	which	cuál(es)
who	quién(es)	how much	cuánto (-a)
how	cómo	how many	cuántos (-as)
when	cuándo	whom	a quién(es)
where	dónde	whose	de quién(es)
why	por qué

8. cardinal & ordinal Numbers

0	cero	say-roh
1	uno	oo-noh	first	primero
2	dos	dohs	second	segundo
3	tres	trays	third	tercero
4	cuatro	kwah-troh	fourth	cuarto
5	cinco	seen-koh	fifth	quinto
6	seis	says	sixth	sexto
7	siete	see-ay-tay	seventh	séptimo
8	ocho	oh-choh	eighth	octavo
9	nueve	new-ay-vay	ninth	noveno
10	diez	dee-ays	tenth	décimo
11	once	ohn-say	eleventh	undécimo
12	doce	doh-say	twelfth	duodécimo
13	trece	tray-say	thirteenth	décimo tercero
14	catorce	kah-tor-say	fourteenth	décimo cuarto
15	quince	keen-say	fifteenth	décimo quinto
16	diez y seis	dee-ays ee says	sixteenth	décimo sexto
17	diez y siete	dee-ays ee see-ay-tay	seventeenth	décimo séptimo
18	diez y ocho	dee-ays ee oh-choh	eighteenth	décimo octavo
19	diez y nueve	dee-ays ee new-ay-vay	nineteenth	décimo noveno
20	veinte	bayn-tay	twentieth	vigésimo
21	veinte y uno	bayn-tay ee oo-noh	twenty-first	vigésimo primero
22	veinte y dos	bayn-tay ee dohs	twenty-second	vigésimo segundo
30	treinta	trayn-tah	thirtieth	trigésimo
40	cuarenta	kuar-ain-tah	fortieth	cuadragésimo
50	cincuenta	seen-kuain-tah	fiftieth	quincuagésimo
60	sesenta	say-sain-tah	sixtieth	sexagésimo
70	setenta	say-tain-tah	seventieth	septuagésimo
80	ochenta	oh-chain-tah	eightieth	octogésimo
90	noventa	noh-bain-tah	ninetieth	nonagésimo
100	cien(to)	see-ain-(toh)	hundredth	centésimo
1000	mil	meel	thousandth	milésimo

If you are just saying 100, you use cien. If it's over 100, you use ciento. So 101 is ciento uno and 156 would be ciento cincuenta y seis. Also you can use dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17, 18, and 19, respectively. They are pronounced the same but are combined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as one word (veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, etc.), but you need to use y for the rest of the numbers.

Primero and tercero drop the final -o when used directly before a noun.

9. Days of the Week

Monday	lunes	loo-nays
Tuesday	martes	mar-tays
Wednesday	miércoles	mee-air-coh-lays
Thursday	jueves	hway-bays
Friday	viernes	bee-air-nays
Saturday	sábado	sah-bah-doh
Sunday	domingo	doh-ming-oh
day	el día	dee-ah
week	la semana	say-mahn-ah
weekend	el fin de semana	feen day say-mahn-ah
today	hoy	oy
tonight	esta noche	es-tah noh-chay
last night	anoche	ah-noh-chay
yesterday	ayer	eye-yair
tomorrow	mañana	mahn-yahn-ah
my birthday	mi cumpleaños	mee coom-play-ahn-yohs
next	próximo / próxima	prok-see-moh / mah
last	pasado / pasada	pah-sah-doh / dah
day before yesterday	anteayer	ahn-teh-eye-yair
day after tomorrow	pasado mañana	pah-sah-doh mahn-yahn-ah
the following day	el día siguiente	dee-ah see-gwee-ehn-teh
the day before	la víspera	vees-peh-rah

Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing. The definite article is not used after the verb ser, but at all other times it is required and there is slight change in meaning if it is singular or plural: el lunes = on Monday but los lunes = on Mondays

10. Months of the Year

January	enero	ay-nair-oh
February	febrero	fay-bray-roh
March	marzo	mar-soh
April	abril	ah-breel
May	mayo	mi-oh
June	junio	hoo-nee-oh
July	julio	hoo-lee-oh
August	agosto	ah-gohs-toh
September	septiembre	sayp-tee-aim-bray
October	octubre	ohk-too-bray
November	noviembre	noh-bee-aim-bray
December	diciembre	dee-see-aim-bray
month	el mes	mais
first of [a month]	el primero de [month]	pree-mair-oh day _____
year	el año	ahn-yoh
decade	la década	deh-kah-dah
century	el siglo	see-gloh
millennium	el milenio	mee-leh-nee-oh

The preposition en is used with months: en abril = in April. Also notice that primero is used for the first of the month, but the rest of the days are referred to using the regular cardinal numbers: el primero de junio but el dos de julio. Months of the year are also all masculine and not capitalized in writing.

¿Cual es la fecha de hoy? What is today's date?
Hoy es el primero de agosto. Today is August 1st.

11. Seasons

spring	la primavera	in spring	en primavera
summer	el verano	in summer	en verano
winter	el invierno	in winter	en invierno
autumn	el otoño	in autumn	en otoño

12. Directions

to the right	a la derecha
to the left	a la izquierda
straight ahead	todo derecho

north	el norte	northeast	el noreste
south	el sur	northwest	el noroeste
east	el este	southeast	el sureste
west	el oeste	southwest	el suroeste

13. Colors & shapes

red	rojo / roja	circle	el círculo
pink	rosado / rosada	square	el cuadrado
orange	anaranjado / anaranjada	rectangle	el rectángulo
yellow	amarillo / amarilla	triangle	el triángulo
green	verde	oval	el óvalo
blue	azul	cube	el cubo
light blue	celeste	sphere	la esfera
purple	morado / morada	cylinder	el cilindro
violet	violeta	cone	el cono
brown	marrón	octagon	el octágono
black	negro / negra	box	la caja
gray	gris	pyramid	la pirámide
white	blanco / blanca
golden	dorado / dorada	dark	oscuro / oscura
silver	plateado / plateada	light	claro / clara

All adjectives in Spanish are placed after the noun that they describe and they agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun. Notice that some colors do not change for gender (marrón) or number (gris). To change an adjective to the feminine form, you usually just change the final -o to -a. To make an adjective plural, simply add an -s.

a red house = una casa roja

14. Time

¿Qué hora es?	What time is it?
Es la una.	It's one.
Son las dos/tres/cuatro...	It's two/three/four...
Es mediodía.	It's noon.
Es medianoche.	It's midnight.
Son las cinco y cinco.	It's 5:05
Son las ocho y cuarto.	It's 8:15
Son las diez menos cuarto.	It's 9:45
Son cuarto para las diez.	It's 9:45 (common in Mexico)
Son las nueve menos diez.	It's 8:50
Son diez para las nueve.	It's 8:50 (common in Mexico)
Son las tres y media / treinta.	It's 3:30
de la mañana	in the morning / AM
de la tarde	in the afternoon / PM
de la noche	in the evening / PM
en punto	exactly / sharp
¿A qué hora?	At what time?

15. Weather

¿Qué tiempo hace?	What's the weather like?
Hace buen tiempo.	The weather's nice.
Hace mal tiempo.	The weather's bad.
Hace frío.	It's cold.
Hace calor.	It's hot.
Hace sol.	It's sunny.
Hace viento.	It's windy.
Hace fresco.	It's chilly.
Está nublado.	It's cloudy.
Hay niebla.	It's foggy.
Hay neblina.	It's misty.
Hay humedad.	It's humid.
Hay granizo.	It's hailing.
Llueve.	It's raining.
Nieva.	It's snowing.
Truena.	It's thundering.
Llovizna.	It's sprinkling.

16. Prepositions

a	at, to	al lado de	beside, alongside of
con	with	alrededor de	around
contra	against	cerca de	near, close to
de	of, from	lejos de	far from
en	in, on	delante de	in front of
entre	between, among	debajo de	below, under
hacia	towards, about	en frente de	opposite
para	for, in order, by	detrás de	behind
por	for, through, along, via	encima de	above, on top of
sobre	on, over	hasta	till, until
sin	without	desde	from, since

There are two prepositional contractions with definite articles. A and el combine to form al, and de and el combine to form del.

17. Family & Animals

family	la familia	cousin (m)	el primo
parents	los padres	cousin (f)	la prima
husband	el marido / el esposo	cousins	los primos
wife	la mujer / la esposa	relatives	los parientes
father / dad	el padre / el papá	stepfather	el padastro
mother / mom	la madre / la mamá	stepmother	la madrastra
son	el hijo	stepbrother	el hermanastro
daughter	la hija	stepsister	la hermanastra
children	los hijos	stepson	el hijastro
brother	el hermano	stepdaughter	la hijastra
sister	la hermana	godfather	el padrino
brothers & sisters	los hermanos	godmother	la madrina
only child (m)	el hijo único	baby	el bebé
only child (f)	la hija única	teenager	el adolescente
kid / boy	el muchacho	boy	el niño
kid / girl	la muchacha	girl	la niña
half-brother	el medio hermano	boys & girls	los niños
half-sister	la media hermana	man	el hombre
father-in-law	el suegro	woman	la mujer
mother-in-law	la suegra	adult	el adulto
brother-in-law	el cuñado	twins (m)	los gemelos
sister-in-law	la cuñada	twins (f)	las gemelas
son-in-law	el yerno	dog	el perro
daughter-in-law	la nuera	cat	el gato
grandfather	el abuelo	bird	el pájaro
grandmother	la abuela	fish	el pez
grandparents	los abuelos	gold fish	la carpa dorada
grandson	el nieto	horse	el caballo
granddaughter	la nieta	goat	la cabra
grandchildren	los nietos	pig	el cerdo
uncle	el tío	cow	la vaca
aunt	la tía	rabbit	el conejo
aunts & uncles	los tíos	turtle	la tortuga
nephew	el sobrino	mouse	el ratón
niece	la sobrina	deer	el ciervo
nieces & nephews	los sobrinos	duck	el pato

18. To Know People & Facts

conocer - to know people		saber - to know facts
conozco	conocemos	sé	sabemos
conoces	conocéis	sabes	sabéis
conoce	conocen	sabe	saben

19. Formation of Plural Nouns

If a singular noun ends in a vowel, just add -s to make it plural: la casa → las casas
If a singular noun ends in a consonant, a vowel with an accent, or y, add -es to make it plural: el papel → los papeles
Singular nouns that end in -z change the z to c and add -es to form the plural: la luz → las luces
A few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it in the plural: el lápiz → los lápices

20. Possessive Adjectives

	Initial Forms		Terminal Forms
	singular	plural	singular	plural
my	mi	mis	mío / mía	míos / mías
your	tu	tus	tuyo / tuya	tuyos / tuyas
your/his/her/its	su	sus	suyo / suya	suyos / suyas
our	nuestro / nuestra	nuestros / nuestras	nuestro / nuestra	nuestros / nuestras
your	vuestro / vuestra	vuestros / vuestras	vuestro / vuestra	vuestros / vuestras
your/their	su	sus	suyo / suya	suyos / suyas

Remember that vuestro forms are only used in Spain (just as the vosotros subject pronoun & verb conjugations are only used in Spain).

Because su and sus can have so many meanings, de + a pronoun may be used following the noun: de Ud., de él, de ella, de Uds., de ellos and de ellas.

los libros de ellos their books

The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and the noun must be preceded by the definite article, except in direct address. When used with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the English "of mine, of yours," etc.

el libro mío my book
Qué haces, hijo mío? What are you doing, my son?
un amigo mío a friend of mine

21. To Do / Make

hacer - to do or make
hago	hacemos
haces	hacéis
hace	hacen

22. Work & School

accountant	el contador	musician	el músico
actor / actress	el actor / la actriz	nurse	el enfermero
architect	el arquitecto	official / civil servant	el funcionario
author	el autor	optician	el óptico
baker	el panadero	painter	el pintor
banker	el banquero	pharmacist (chemist)	el químico
barber	el barbero	pharmacist	el farmacéutico
bookseller	el librero	photographer	el fotógrafo
businessman	el comerciante	pilot	el piloto
butcher	el carnicero	plumber	el fontanero
carpenter	el carpintero	policeman	el agente de policía
computer programmer	el programador	postman	el cartero
cook	el cocinero	priest	el cura
customer	el cliente	professor	el profesor
dentist	el dentista	publisher	el editor
doctor	el médico / el doctor	salesman	el vendedor
electrician	el electricista	scientist	el científico
employee	el empleado	secretary	la secretaria
engineer	el ingeniero	servant	el criado
firefighter	el bombero	shoemaker	el zapatero
fisherman	el pescador	singer	el cantante
gardener	el jardinero	soldier	el soldado
grocer	el dependiente	student	el estudiante
hair stylist	el peluquero	surgeon	el cirujano
jeweler	el joyero	tailor	el sastre
journalist	el periodista	teacher	el profesor
judge	el juez	teacher (grade school)	el maestro
lawyer	el abogado	typist	el mecanógrafo
librarian	el bibliotecario	waiter / server	el camarero
mason	el albañil	watchmaker	el relojero
mechanic	el mecánico	worker (blue-collar)	el obrero
model	el modelo	writer	el escritor

accounting	la contabilidad	law	el derecho
algebra	el álgebra	linguistics	la lingüística
architecture	la arquitectura	literature	la literatura
art	el arte	mathematics	la matématica
astronomy	la astronomía	medicine	la medicina
biology	la biología	modern languages	las lenguas modernas
botany	la botánica	music	la música
business	el comercio	natural science	las ciencias naturales
chemistry	la química	painting	la pintura
computing (IT)	la informática	philosophy	la filosofía
drawing	el dibujo	physical education	la educación física
earth science	la ciencia terrestre	physical science	las ciencas físicas
economics	la económia	physics	la física
engineering	la ingeniería	political science	las ciencias políticas
English	el inglés	Portuguese	el portugués
French	el francés	psychology	la psicología
geography	la geografía	religious education	la enseñanza religiosa
geometry	la geometría	science	la ciencia
German	el alemán	sociology	la sociología
Greek	el griego	Spanish	el español
history	la historia	technology	la technología
Italian	el italiano	zoology	la zoología
Latin	el latín

23. Countries & Nationalities

Africa	el Africa	Indonesia	Indonesia
African	africano/a	Indonesian	indonesio/a
Albania	Albania	Ireland	la Irlanda
Albanian	albano/a	Irishman	irlandés/esa
America	la América	Israel	Israel
American	americano/a	Israeli	israelí
Argentina	la Argentina	Hebrew	hebreo/a
Argentine	argentino/a	Italy	Italia
Asia	el Asia (f)	Italian	italiano/a
Asian	asiático/a	Japan	Japón
Australia	Australia	Japanese	japonés/esa
Australian	australiano/a	Latvia	Letonia
Austria	el Austria (f)	Latvian	letón/ona
Austrian	austríaco/a	Lithuania	Lituania
Belgium	la Bélgica	Lithuanian	lituano/a
Belgian	belga	Luxembourg	Luxemburgo
Bolivia	la Bolivia	Luxembourger	luxemburgués/esa
Bolivian	boliviano(a)	Macedonia	Macedonia
Bosnia	la Bosnia	Macedonian	macedonio/a
Bosnian	bosnio/a	Malta	Malta
Brazil	el Brasil	Maltese	maltés/esa
Brazilian	brasileño/a	Mexico	México
Bulgaria	la Bulgaria	Mexican	mexicano/a
Bulgarian	búlgaro/a	Netherlands	los Países Bajos
Canada	Canadá	Dutch	holandés/esa
Canadian	canadiense	New Zealand	Nueva Zelanda
China	China	New Zealander	neozelandés/esa
Chinese	chino/a	Nicaragua	Nicaragua
Chile	la Chile	Nicaraguan	nicaragüense
Chilean	chileno/a	Norway	Noruega
Colombia	Colombia	Norwegian	noruego/a
Colombian	colombiano/a	Panama	Panama
Costa Rica	la Costa Rica	Panamanian	panameño/a
Costa Rican	costarricense	Paraguay	Paraguay
Croatia	la Croacia	Paraguayan	paraguayo/a
Croatian	croata	Peru	Perú
Cuba	la Cuba	Peruvian	peruano/a
Cuban	cubano/a	Poland	la Polonia
Czech Republic	la República Checa	Polish	polaco/a
Czech	checo/a	Portugal	Portugal
Denmark	Dinamarca	Portuguese	portugués/esa
Danish	danés/esa	Romania	Rumania
Dominican Republic	República Dominicana	Romanian	rumano/a
Dominican	dominicano/a	Russia	Rusia
Ecuador	Ecuador	Russian	ruso/a
Ecuadorian	ecuatoriano/a	Scotland	la Escocia
Egypt	Egipto	Scottish	escocés/esa
Egyptian	egipcio/a	Serbia	Serbia
El Salvador	El Salvador	Serbian	serbio/a
Salvadorean	salvadoreño	Slovakia	la República Eslovaca
England	la Inglaterra	Slovak	eslovaco/a
English	inglés/esa	Slovenia	Eslovenia
Estonia	Estonia	Slovene	esloveno/a
Estonian	estonio/a	South Africa	Sudáfrica
Europe	la Europa	South African	sudafricano/a
European	europeo/a	Spain	España
Finland	Finlandia	Spanish	español/a
Finnish	finlandés/esa	Sweden	Suecia
France	Francia	Swedish	sueco/a
French	francés/esa	Switzerland	la Suiza
Germany	Alemania	Swiss	suizo/a
German	alemán/ana	Turkey	la Turquía
Great Britain	la Gran Bretaña	Turk	turco/a
British	británico/a	Ukraine	Ucrania
Greece	Grecia	Ukrainian	ucraniano/a
Greek	griego/a	United Kingdom	Reino Unido
Guatemala	Guatemala	United States	Estados Unidos
Guatemalan	guatemalteco/a	Uruguay	Uruguay
Honduras	Honduras	Uruguayan	uruguayo/a
Honduran	hondureño	Venezuela	Venezuela
Hungary	Hungría	Venezuelan	venezolano/a
Hungarian	húngaro/a	Wales	el país de Gales
Iceland	Islandia	Welsh	galés/esa
Icelandic	islandés/esa
India	India
Indian	indio/a

24. To / In and From

to	a
from	de
in	en

Remember to use the prepositional contractions when a noun with an article follows the preposition.

25. To Come & to Go

venir - to come		ir - to go
vengo	venimos	voy	vamos
vienes	venís	vas	vais
viene	vienen	va	van

26. Common Words

a lot	mucho	always	siempre
very much	muchísimo	everyday	todos los días
a little	poco	now	ahora
very little	muy poco	usually	usualmente
sometimes	a veces	there	ahí
well	bien	over there	allí
after	después	too bad	demasiado malo
poorly	mal

27. Conjugating Regular Verbs

Verbs in Spanish end in -ar, -er or -ir. Before a verb is conjugated, it is called the infinitive. Removing the last two letters gives you the stem of the verb (cantar is the infinitive to sing, while cant- is the stem.) To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, add these endings to the stems:

-ar		-er		-ir
o	amos	o	emos	o	imos
as	áis	es	éis	es	ís
a	an	e	en	e	en

Remember that verbs do not require the subject pronouns, so just canto means I sing. Here are some more regular verbs:

-ar verbs		-er verbs		-ir verbs
bailar	to dance	aprender	to learn	vivir	to live
desear	to want	comer	to eat	escribir	to write
escuchar	to listen	correr	to run	compartir	to share
estudiar	to study	leer	to read	recibir	to receive
hablar	to speak	vender	to sell
practicar	to practice	beber	to drink
tomar	to take	comprender	to understand
viajar	to travel

To make sentences negative, simply put no in front of the verb.

28. Reflexive Verbs

The subject and the object are the same with reflexive verbs - the subject acts upon itself. A reflexive verb in Spanish will be marked with se attached to the end of the infinitive. These verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, except the reflexive pronoun agrees with case and gender and precedes the verb when not used in the infinitive form. Reciprocal verbs are the same as reflexive except the action passes from one person to another. It can only be used in the first and third person plural forms. Reflexive verbs sometimes use the "-self" forms in English, while the reciprocal verbs use "each other."

*reflexive pronouns*
me	nos
te	os
se	se

Some common reflexive verbs:

acostarse - to go to bed
bañarse - to bathe oneself
casarse - to get married
despertarse - to wake up
irse - to go away
levantarse - to rise
sentarse - to sit down
vestirse - to dress oneself
atreverse - to dare
quejarse - to complain

29. Irregular Conjugations

Some verbs have vowel changes in the present tense for all forms except first and second person plural. After dropping the endings (-ar, -er, or -ir), the e of the last syllable changes to ie, and o of the last syllable changes to ue. Some -ir verbs change the e to i, while verbs ending in -uir change the i to y for all forms except first and second plural.

e to ie	o to ue	e to i	ui to uy
pensar - to think querer - to want, like, love cerrar - to close comenzar - to begin despertar - to awaken empezar - to begin entender - to understand perder - to lose preferir - to prefer sentar - to seat sentir - to regret, feel	contar - to count poder - to be able costar - to cost dormir - to sleep encontrar - to find, meet jugar - to play morir - to die mostrar - to show volar - to fly volver - to return	pedir - to ask (for) repetir - to repeat seguir - to follow servir - to serve vestir - to dress	construir - to build

pensar		contar		pedir		construir
pienso	pensamos	cuento	contamos	pido	pedimos	construyo	construimos
piensas	pensáis	cuentas	contáis	pides	pedís	construyes	construís
piensa	piensan	cuenta	cuentan	pide	piden	construye	construyen

A few other verbs are irregular only in the first person singular form. The rest of the forms follow the regular pattern:

traer	to carry	traigo	I carry
salir	to go out	salgo	I go out
hacer	to do	hago	I do
saber	to know	sé	I know
dar	to give	doy	I give
ver	to see	veo	I see
tener	to have	tengo	I have
poner	to put	pongo	I put
decir	to say	digo	I say
valer	to be worth	valgo	I am worth
caer	to fall	caigo	I fall
conocer	to know	conozco	I know
deducir	to deduce	deduzco	I deduce

Generally, verbs that end in -cer and -cir add z before the first person singular ending.

30. Personal a

When the direct object of a verb (except tener) is a person, it is preceded by a. It isn't used if a number precedes the object though. The pronouns alguien (somebody), alguno (someone), nadie (nobody), and ninguno (no one) require a as well, when used as the direct object.

Veo a Juan. I see John.
Conozco a tu amiga. I know your friend.
Veo a alguien. I see somebody.

31. Preterite Tense

The preterite tense expresses an action in the past. It is used to describe events that are finished or complete. It is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive stem.

-ar verbs		-er and -ir verbs
-é	-amos	-í	-imos
-aste	-asteis	-iste	-isteis
-ó	-aron	-ió	-ieron

Viví en España dos años. I lived in Spain for two years.
Ellos hablaron con los niños. They spoke with the children.
Quién comió la fruta? Who ate the fruit?

32. Irregular Preterite Tense

A few verbs are irregular in the preterite tense. The following are the most common:

dar - to give		decir - to say, tell		estar - to be
di diste dio	dimos disteis dieron	dije dijiste dijo	dijimos dijisteis dijeron	estuve estuviste estuvo	estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron
hacer - to do, make		ir - to go / ser- to be		poner - to put, place
hice hiciste hizo	hicimos hicisteis hicieron	fui fuiste fue	fuimos fuisteis fueron	puse pusiste puso	pusimos pusisteis pusieron
tener - to have		traer - to bring		venir - to come
tuve tuviste tuvo	tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron	traje trajiste trajo	trajimos trajisteis trajeron	vine viniste vino	vinimos vinisteis vinieron

Ir and ser have the same forms in the preterite tense. Context will make the meaning clear.

33. Imperfect Tense

The imperfect is another past tense that is used to express an action as going on in the past, as repeated or habitual. It is also used with mental and physical conditions and for descriptions. The preterite tense is used much more often than the imperfect tense though, except with these verbs: querer, creer, poder, esperar, tener, and saber. It is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive stem.

-ar verbs		-er and -ir verbs
-aba	-ábamos	-ía	-íamos
-abas	-abais	-ías	-íais
-aba	-aban	-ía	-ían

Yo vivía en España. I used to live in Spain.
Luisa estaba triste. Louise was sad.
El vendía radios. He was selling radios.

Only a few verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense:

ser - to be			ir - to go			ver - to see
era eras era	éramos erais eran		iba ibas iba	íbamos ibais iban		veía veías veía	veíamos veíais veían

34. Food and Meals

bacon	el tocino	salad	la ensalada
beef	la carne de vaca	salami	el salchichón
beer	la cerveza	salt	la sal
beverage	la bebida	sandwich	el bocadillo
biscuit	el bizcocho	sauce	la salsa
bread	el pan	sausage	la salchicha
breakfast	el desayuno	soft drink	el refresco gaseoso
butter	la mantequilla	soup	la sopa
cake	la torta	sour cream	la crema agria
candy	los dulces	steak	el bistec
cheese	el queso	stew	el guisado
chicken	el pollo	sugar	el azúcar
chocolate	el chupete	supper	la cena
chop	la chuleta	tea (iced)	el té (helado)
coffee	el café	toast	las tostadas
cookie	la galleta	turkey	el pavo
cottage cheese	el requesón	veal	la ternera
cotton candy	el algodón de azúcar	vegetable	la legumbre
cream	la crema	vinegar	el vinagre
custard	las natillas	water	el agua
dessert	el postre	whipped cream	la nata montada
dinner	la comida	wine	el vino
duck	el pato	yogurt	el yogur
egg	el huevo	bag	la bolsa
fat	la grasa	bowl	el tázon
flour	la harina	bottle	la botella
fried eggs	los huevos fritos	box	la caja
goose	el ganso	can	la lata
ham	el jamón	can opener	abrelatas
hamburger	la hamburguesa	carton	el tetrabrik
honey	la miel	chopsticks	los palillos
hot dog	el perro caliente	coffee pot	la cafetera
ice	el hielo	colander	el colador
ice cream	el helado	corkscrew	el sacacorchos
jam	la jalea	cup	la taza
juice	el jugo	dish	el plato
lamb	el cordero	fork	el tenedor
lobster	la langosta	frying pan	la sartén
lollipop	el chupete	glass	el vaso
lunch	el almuerzo	jar	el tarro
meal	la comida	jug	la jarra
meat	la carne	kettle	la caldera
milk	la leche	knife	el cuchillo
milkshake	la malteada	lid	la tapa
mustard	la mostaza	napkin	la servilleta
mutton	la carne de carnero	plate	el plato
oil	el aceite	saucer	el platillo
omelet	la tortilla	saucepan	la cacerola / el cazo
pepper	la pimienta	spoon	la cuchara
pie	el pastel	spray can	el spray
pork	el cerdo	table	la mesa
rice	el arroz	tablecloth	el mantel
roast	el asado	teapot	la tetera
roll	el panecillo	tube	el tubo

35. Gustar

Gustar plus a noun means to like something. Literally, it means to please and takes an indirect object, so the construction of the sentence will be different than that of English. The verb will only be conjugated in the third person singular or plural because it is agreeing with the noun or infinitive that follows it, not the subject.

Me gusta(n)	I like	Nos gusta(n)	we like
Te gusta(n)	you like	Os gusta(n)	you like
Le gusta(n)	you/he/she likes	Les gusta(n)	you/they like

Gusta is used with singular nouns or an infinitive, while gustan is used with plural nouns. It is also possible to add a + complement pronoun to emphasize the subject, but this is not necessary. The complement pronouns are the same as the suject pronouns except a mí and a ti.

Me gustan las flores. I like the flowers. (Literally: To me are pleasing the flowers or the flowers are pleasing to me.)
A nosotros nos gusta la casa. We like the house.
No me gusta. I don't like it.
Le gusta a Ud.? Do you like it?
A ellos les gustan los caballos. They like the horses.

36. Fruits & Vegetables

almond	la almendra	barley	la cebada
apple	la manzana	beans	los frijoles / las judías
apricot	el albaricoque	beet	la remolacha
avocado	el aguacate	broccoli	el brócoli
banana	el plátano	cabbage	la col
berry	la baya	carrot	la zanahoria
blackberry	la zarzamora	cauliflower	la coliflor
blueberry	el arándano	celery	el apio
cherry	la cereza	chives	la cebollana
chestnut	la castaña	corn	el maíz
coconut	el coco	cucumber	el pepino
currant	la grosella	eggplant	la berenjena
date	el dátil	garlic	el ajo
fig	il higo	green bean	la habichuela
fruit	la fruta	herbs	le hierba
grapefruit	el pomelo	horse-radish	el rabano picante
grapes	la uva	leek	el puerro
hazelnut	la avellana	lentil	la lenteja
kiwi	el kiwi	lettuce	la lechuga
lemon	el limón	mint	la menta
lime	la lima	mushroom	la seta / el hongo
lychee	el lichi	oats	la avena
mango	el mango	onion	la cebolla
melon	el melón	parsley	el perejil
olive	la aceituna	pea	el guisante
orange	la naranja	pepper	el pimiento
papaya	la papaya	potato	la patata / la papa
peach	el melocotón	pumpkin	la calabaza
pear	la pera	radish	el rábano
pineapple	la piña	rhubarb	el ruibarbo
plum	la ciruela	rice	el arroz
prune	la ciruela pasa	rye	el centeno
raisin	la uva pasa	sage	la salvia
raspberry	la frambuesa	seed	la semilla
starfruit	la carambola	spinach	la espinaca
strawberry	la fresa	sweet potato	el camote / la batata
walnut	la nuez	tomato	el tomate
watermelon	la sandía	turnip	el nabo
artichoke	la alcachofa	wheat	el trigo
asparagus	el espárrago	zucchini	el calabacín

Los frijoles is used in South America, whereas las judías is used in Spain.

37. To Take or Drink

tomar - to take or drink
tomo	tomamos
tomas	tomáis
toma	toman

When tomar means to drink, it usually refers to alcohol. In Mexico, tomar can be intransitive, as beber is almost never used. In Spain, tomar is always transitive, such as tomar una copa - to have a drink and tomar un café - to have a coffee.

38. Commands / Imperative

To form commands, drop the final -s on the present tense conjugation for the tú form and change the final -r of the infinitive to -d for the vosotros form. The other imperative conjugations (for Usted, Ustedes, and nosotros) use the present subjunctive forms. (More about the Subjunctive at #70.) You use the nosotros form when you mean Let's + infinitive. Negative commands use no + the present subjunctive conjugations for all forms. So the only forms that differ between affirmative and negative commands are tú and vosotros. Verbs that end in -car, -gar and -zar have the following changes in commands as well: c becomes qu, g becomes gu, and z becomes c.

	Affirmative		Negative
	-ar	-er or -ir	-ar	-er or -ir
tú	-a	-e	-es	-as
Usted	-e	-a	-e	-a
nosotros	-emos	-amos	-emos	-amos
vosotros	-ad	-ed / -id	-éis	-áis
Ustedes	-en	-an	-en	-an

¡Habla! = Speak! (tú form)
¡Comed! = Eat! (vosotros form)
¡No comáis! = Don't eat! (negative vosotros form)
¡Beba! = Drink! (Usted form)
¡Coman! = Eat (Ustedes form)
¡No beban! = Don't drink! (negative Ustedes form)

There are 8 irregular verbs in the imperative, but they are only irregular for the tú form. The rest of the commands follow the pattern above.

infinitive	tú form
decir hacer ir poner salir ser tener venir	di haz ve pon sal sé ten ven

There are several irregular stems that appear in the present subjunctive, and therefore in the imperative.

infinitive	imperative stem
dar	d-
decir	dig-
estar	est-
haber	hay-
hacer	hag-
ir	vay-
poder	pued-
poner	pong-
querer	quier-
saber	sep-
salir	salg-
ser	se-
tener	teng-
traer	traig-
venir	veng-

39. More Negatives

To make sentences negative, you place no before the verb. Other negatives may precede or follow the verb, but if they follow, they must follow a negative verb (a double negative). The word order is either no + verb + negative or negative + verb. Nunca means ever when it follows a comparative; jamás means ever when it follows an affirmative verb. Ya no + verb means the same thing as no + verb + más (no more, no longer).

más	no more, no longer
nada	nothing, (not) anything
nadie	nobody, (not) anybody
ninguno (a)	no, none
tampoco	neither, either
ni	nor
ni...ni	neither... nor
ni siquiera	not even
nunca, jamás	never, ever

No bailas nunca. = Nunca bailas. You never dance.
No juego más. = Ya no juego. I no longer play.

40. Holiday Phrases

Feliz Navidad	Merry Christmas
Feliz Año Nuevo	Happy New Year
Feliz Cumpleaños	Happy Birthday
Feliz Pascua	Happy Easter

Spanish National Anthem: Marcha Real

There are no words to the Spanish national anthem; it is completely instrumental.

Mexican National Anthem: Mexicanos, al Grito de Guerra

by Francisco González Bocanegra

Mexicanos, al grito de guerra
El acero aprestad y el bridón;
y retiemble en sus centros la tierra
Al sonoro rugir del cañón.

Ciña ¡oh patria! tus sienes de oliva
De la Paz el arcángel divino,
Que en el cielo tu eterno destino
Por el dedo de Dios se escribió.
Mas si osare un extraño enemigo
Profanar con su planta tu suelo,
Piensa ¡oh patria querida! que el cielo
Un soldado en cada hijo te dio.

¡Guerra, guerra sin tregua al que intente
De la patria manchar los blasones!
¡Guerra, guerra! Los patrios pendones
En las olas de sangre empapad.
¡Guerra, guerra! En el monte, en el valle
Los cañones horrísonos truenen
Y los ecos sonoros resuenen
Con las voces de ¡Unión! ¡Libertad!

Antes, patria, que inermes tus hijos
Bajo el yugo su cuello dobleguen,
Tus campiñas con sangre se rieguen,
Sobre sangre se estampe su pie.
Y tus templos, palacios y torres
Se derrumben con hórrido estruendo,
Y sus ruinas existan diciendo:
De mil héroes la patria aquí fue.

¡Patria! ¡patria! Tus hijos te juran
Exhalar en tus aras su aliento,
Si el clarín con su bélico acento
Los convoca a lidiar con valor.
¡Para ti las guirnaldas de oliva!
¡Un recuerdo para ellos de gloria!
¡Un laurel para ti de victoria!
¡Un sepulcro para ellos de honor!

Mexicanos, al grito de guerra
El acero aprestad y el bridón,
y retiemble en sus centros la tierra
Al sonoro rugir del cañón.

Mexicans, at the cry of battle
lend your swords and bridle;
and let the earth tremble at its center
upon the roar of the cannon.

Your forehead shall be girded, oh fatherland, with olive garlands
by the divine archangel of peace,
For in heaven your eternal destiny
has been written by the hand of God.
But should a foreign enemy
Profane your land with his sole,
Think, beloved fatherland, that heaven
gave you a soldier in each son.

War, war without truce against who would attempt
to blemish the honor of the fatherland!
War, war! The patriotic banners
saturate in waves of blood.
War, war! On the mount, in the vale
The terrifying cannon thunder
and the echoes nobly resound
to the cries of union! liberty!

Fatherland, before your children become unarmed
Beneath the yoke their necks in sway,
May your countryside be watered with blood,
On blood their feet trample.
And may your temples, palaces and towers
crumble in horrid crash,
and their ruins exist saying:
The fatherland was made of one thousand heroes here.

Fatherland, fatherland, your children swear
to exhale their breath in your cause,
If the bugle in its belligerent tone
should call upon them to struggle with bravery.
For you the olive garlands!
For them a memory of glory!
For you a laurel of victory!
For them a tomb of honor!

Mexicans, at the cry of battle
lend your swords and bridle;
and let the earth tremble at its center
upon the roar of the cannon.

41. Useful Expressions

Hay	There is/are
Había	There was/were
Hay que + infinitive	It is necessary to + infinitive
Tener que + infinitive	To have to + infinitive
Ir a + infinitive	To go to + infinitive
Acabar de + infinitive	To have just + past participle
Hace + time	time + ago

42. Progressive Tenses

The progressive tense indicates an action that is ongoing. It is formed by using estar (in any tense) with a present participle. Present participles are formed by dropping the ending of the verb, and adding the following endings to the stem:

Present Participles
-ar	-ando
-er	-iendo
-ir	-iendo

Juan está hablando. Josh is talking.
Estaban cantando. They were singing.
Estuve escribiendo una carta. I was writing a letter.

A few irregular present participles: poder - pudiendo, dormir - durmiendo, sentir - sintiendo, venir - viniendo, pedir - pidiendo, leer - leyendo, ir - yendo, reír - riendo.

43. Haber

**Haber - to have**
he has ha	hemos habéis han

This verb does not mean to possess (that is tener); but it is used in past tenses as an auxiliary verb.

44. Present Perfect

The present perfect tense is a compound tense using haber with a past participle. (Haber is only used as a helping verb; it is never used to show possession.) This tense can be translated as have or has done something. Please note that the preterite tense is used more often than this tense when expressing the past.

Past participles are formed by dropping the infinitive ending, and adding these endings:

**Past Participles**
-ar -er -ir	-ado -ido -ido

The following verbs have irregular past participles: abrir (to open) - abierto (opened); escribir (to write) - escrito (written); morir (to die) - muerto (died); poner (to put) - puesto (put); ver (to see) - visto (seen); volver (to return) - vuelto (returned); decir (to say) - dicho (said); hacer (to do) - hecho (done).

No han vendido la casa. They have not sold the house.
Dónde ha puesto Ud. la llave? Where have you put the key?
Hemos gastado mucho dinero. We have spent a lot of money.
Qué ha dicho Ud.? What did you say?

45. Places

airport	el aeropuerto	embassy	la embajada	pier	el muelle
bakery	la panadería	factory	la fábrica	police station	la comisaría
bank	el banco	farm	la granja	port	el puerto
bar	el bar	fire hydrant	la boca de agua	prison	la prisión
barn	el granero	fountain	la fuente	restaurant	el restaurante
barracks	el cuartel	garage	el garaje	road (highway)	la carretera / la vía
bench	el banco	grocery store	el supermercado	school	la escuela
bridge	el puente	hospital	el hospital	sidewalk	la acera
bookstore	la librería	hotel	el hotel	square	la plaza
building	el edificio	house	la casa	stable	la cuadra
butcher's	la carnicería	hut	la cabaña	stadium	el estadio
castle	el castillo	inn	la posada	stop sign	la señal de alto
cathedral	la catedral	lane (town)	la calleja	store	la tienda
cemetery	el cementerio	library	la biblioteca	street	la calle
church	la iglesia	market	el mercado	suburb	el barro residencial
cinema	el cine	ministry	el ministerio	theater	el teatro
consulate	el consulado	monument	el monumento	tower	la torre
corner	la esquina	museum	el museo	town	la ciudad
courtyard	el patio	palace	el palacio	town hall	el ayuntamiento
crosswalk	el cruce peatonal	path	la senda	traffic light	el semáforo
dock	la dársena	pavement	la acera	university	la universidad
dry cleaner's	la tintorería	pharmacy	la farmacia	village	el pueblo

46. Transportation

by bus	en autobús
by bicycle	en bicicleta
by car	en coche
by motorcycle	en motocicleta
by subway	en metro
by taxi	en taxi
by plane	en avión
by train	en tren
by boat	en barco
on foot	a pie

47. To Want, to Be Able to, to Have to

querer-to want		poder-to be able to, can		deber-to have to, must
quiero	queremos	puedo	podemos	debo	debemos
quieres	queréis	puedes	podéis	debes	debéis
quiere	quieren	puede	pueden	debe	deben

48. Past Perfect

The past perfect tense corresponds to the English "had + past participle." It indicates an event that happened prior to another event in the past. It consists of the imperfect of haber and a past participle. Sometimes the preterite of haber is used, but the imperfect is more common.

Carlos había vivido en México. Carlos had lived in Mexico.
Habíamos aprendido el español. We had learned Spanish.

49. House & Furniture

alarm clock	el despertador	drawer	el cajón	pipe	la pipa
armchair	el sillón	dresser	el tocador	pipe (water)	el tubo
ashtray	el cenicero	driveway	la entrada del garaje	poker	el atizador
attic	el desván	DVD player	el lector de DVD	radio	la radio
balcony	el balcón	fence	la cerca	record	el disco
basement	el sótano	film	la película	refrigerator	el refrigerador
basket	la cesta	fire	el fuego	roof	el tejado
bathroom	el baño	flame	la llama	room	el cuarto
bathtub	la bañera	flashlight	la linterna	rug	la alfombra
batteries	las pilas	flat	el apartamento	sheet	la sábana
bed	la cama	floor	el suelo	shelf	el estante
bedroom	la alcoba / el dormitorio	floor (levels)	el piso / la planta	shovel	la pala
bell (door)	la campanilla	flower	la flor	shower	la ducha
blanket	la cobija	freezer	el congelador	sideboard	el aparador
blinds	la persiana	front walk	la vereda	sink	el fregadero
bookcase	la librería	furniture	los muebles	sink (bathroom)	el lavabo
box	la caja	garage	el garaje	sitting room	la sala
broom	la escoba	garden	el jardín	smoke	el humo
bucket	el balde	ground floor	la planta baja	sofa	el sofá
camcorder	la cámara	hearth	la chimenea	stairs	las escaleras
camera	la máquina de fotos	hook	el gancho	steps	los escalones
candle	la vela	house	la casa	story	el piso
carpet	la alfombra	iron (flat)	la plancha	stove	la estufa
cassette	la cinta	kerosene	el petróleo	study	el estudio
CD player	el lector de CD	key	la llave	switch	el conmutador
ceiling	el techo	kitchen	la cocina	table	la mesa
chair	la silla	ladder	la escalera	tap (faucet)	el grifo
chimney	la chimenea	lamp	la lámpara	telephone	el teléfono
cigar	el puro / el cigarro	lawn	el césped	television	el televisor
cigarette	el cigarrillo	light bulb	la bombilla	toaster	la tostadora
clock	el reloj	living room	la sala	toilet (WC)	el inodoro
closet	el armario	lock	la cerradura	towel	la toalla
compact disc	el disco compacto	mailbox	el buzón	vacuum cleaner	el aspirador
computer	la computadora	matches	las cerillas	vase	el jarrón
corner	el rincón	mattress	el colchón	VCR	el magnetoscopio
cupboard	la alacena	microwave oven	el horno microondas	wall (house)	el muro
curtain	la cortina	mirror	el espejo	wall (room)	la pared
cushion	el cojín	oven	el horno	window	la ventana
desk	el escritorio	pantry	la despensa	yard	el jardín
dining room	el comedor	picture	el cuadro
door	la puerta	pillow	la almohada

50. Comparative and Superlative

Comparisons are expressed as follows:

más [adjective] que
menos [adjective] que
tan [adjective] como
tanto(-a, -os, -as) [noun] como

more [adjective] than
less [adjective] than
as [adjective] as
as much/many [noun] as

El gato es menos inteligente que el perro. The cat is less intelligent than the dog.
Mi prima tiene más discos que nadie. My cousin has more records than anyone.
No tengo tanto dinero como ustedes. I don't have as much money as you.

To form comparatives, just add más or menos before the adjective or adverb. To form the superlative, place the definite article before the comparative. Note that de is used to express in after a superlative.

más alta taller
la más alta the tallest
Rosa es la niña más alta de la clase. Rosa is the tallest girl in the class.

51. Irregular Forms

Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms. The most common are:

Adjective/Adverb		Comparative		Superlative
good bad great small well badly much little	bueno malo grande pequeño bien mal mucho poco	better worse greater less better worse more less	mejor peor mayor menor mejor peor más menos	the best the worst the greatest the least best worst most least	el mejor el peor el mayor el menor el mejor el peor el más el menos

Note that the bueno and malo change according to gender and number while grande and pequeño change according to gender. The adverbs (the last four) do not agree with the noun.

52. Clothing

apron	el delantal	pants	los pantalones
barrette	el pasador	pin	el alfiler
bathrobe	la bata	pocket	el bolsillo
belt	el cinturón	purse	el bolso
blouse	la blusa	raincoat	el impermeable
boot	la bota	ring	el anillo
bracelet	la pulsera	sandals	las sandalias
brush	un cepillo del pelo	scarf	la bufanda
buckle	la hebilla	shirt	la camisa
button	el botón	shoe	el zapato
cap	el gorro	shoelace	el cordón
clothes	la ropa	shorts	los pantalones cortos
coat	el abrigo	silk	la seda
collar	el cuello	skirt	la falda
comb	el peine	sleeve	la manga
cotton	el algodón	slippers	las pantuflas
dress	el vestido	soap	el jabón
earmuffs	las orejaras	sock	los calcetines
earrings	el arete	stocking	la media
fashion	la moda	suit	el traje
glasses	los lentes	sunglasses	las gafas de sol
glove	el guante	suspenders	los tirantes
handbag	el bolso	sweater	el jersey
handkerchief	el pañuelo	sweatsuit	el chándal
hat	el sombrero	swimsuit	el traje de baño
jacket	la cazadora	tie	la corbata
jeans	los vaqueros	T-shirt	la camiseta
mittens	los mitones	umbrella	el paraguas
necklace	el collar	underwear	la ropa interior
nightgown	el camisón	waistcoat	el chaleco
overcoat	el sobretodo	watch	el reloj
pajamas	los pijamas	wool	la lana

53. To Wear

llevar - to wear			ponerse - to put on
llevo llevas lleva	llevamos lleváis llevan		me pongo te pones se pone	nos ponemos os ponéis se ponen

You don't use possessive pronouns when referring to parts of the body or clothing, but you do use the definite article.

54. Future Tense

The future of regular verbs is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive:

-é
-ás
-á

-emos
-éis
-án

Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from above:

caber (to fit)	cabr-
decir (to say, tell)	dir-
haber (to have)	habr-
hacer (to do, make)	har-
poder (to be able)	podr-
poner (to put, place)	pondr-
querer (to want)	querr-
saber (to know)	sabr-
salir (to leave, go out)	saldr-
tener (to have, to own)	tendr-
valer (to be worth)	valdr-
venir (to come)	vendr-

55. Adjectives

Adjectives must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun they describe, and they are placed after the noun. In general, masculine adjectives end in -o and feminine adjectives end in -a: blanco and blanca (white). Adjectives that end in -ín, -án, -ón, -dor, -tor and -sor in the masculine will add an -a for the feminine. Adjectives that end in -ete for the masculine will end in -eta for the feminine. Adjectives of nationality add -a to the masculine to form the feminine: francés - francesa (French). Notice that when you add -a, the adjective is no longer written with an accent. To form the plural of adjectives, follow the same rules for forming the plural of nouns.

Most adjectives follow the noun they describe, but the following adjectives drop the final -o if placed before a masculine noun in the singular: bueno - good; malo - bad; alguno - some; ninguno - no, any; uno - one; primero - first; tercero - third

When grande means great, it precedes the noun and drops the -de before a singular noun of either gender. Santo (saint) drops the -to before all masculine nouns, except those beginning with Do- or To-.

56. More Adjectives

large	grande	high, tall	alto
small	pequeño	low, short	bajo
long	largo	pretty	lindo, bonito
short	corto	beautiful	hermoso
good	bueno	ugly	feo
bad	malo	wide	ancho
rich	rico	narrow	estrecho
poor	pobre	heavy	pesado
strong	fuerte	light	ligero
weak	débil	hard	duro
easy	fácil	soft	blando
difficult	difícil	sweet	dulce
fat	gordo	sour	agrio
thin	delgado	bitter	amargo

When any form of the definite article is placed before an adjective, then the adjective becomes a noun.

pobre - poor; el pobre - the poor man

If the neuter article lo is placed before a singular masculine adjective, the latter becomes an abstract noun.

bueno - good; lo bueno - the good (everything that is good)

57. Sports

ball	la pelota	pool	la piscina
game	el juego	basketball	el baloncesto
match	el partido	tennis	el tenis
team	el equipo	swimming	la natación
player	el jugador	boxing	el boxeo
soccer	el fútbol	wrestling	la lucha
football	el fútbol americano	hockey	el hockey
baseball	el béisbol	volleyball	el vóleibol

racket	una raqueta	net	una red
ball (small)	una pelota	cleats	unos zapatos de fútbol
bat	un bate	skis	unos esquís
glove	un guante	ski poles	unos bastones
ball	un balón	boots	unas botas
basketball hoop	una canasta	helmet	el casco

58. Nature

air	el aire	grass	la hierba	sea	el mar
archipelago	el archipiélago	gulf	el golfo	shadow	la sombra
bank	la orilla	hail	el granizo	sky	el cielo
bay	la bahía	hay	el heno	snow	la nieve
barn	el granero	high tide	la marea alta	soil	el suelo
beach	la playa	hill	la colina	south	el sur
branch	la rama	ice	el hielo	spring (water)	la fuente
bridge	el puente	island	la isla	star	la estrella
bud	el capullo	isthmus	el istmo	stem	el tallo
bush	el arbusto	jungle	la jungla	storm	la tormenta
cape	el cabo	lake	el lago	strait	el aprieto
cave	la cueva	leaf	la hoja	stream	el arroyo
city	la ciudad	light	la luz	street	la calle
climate	el clima	lightning	el relámpago	sun	el sol
cloud	la nube	lily	la azucena	sunflower	el girasol
coast	la costa	low tide	la marea baja	thaw	el deshielo
comet	el cometa	meadow	el prado	thunder	el trueno
constellation	la constelación	moon	la luna	tornado	el tornado
country	el país	mountain	la montaña	tree	el árbol
country(side)	el campo	mountain range	la sierra	trunk	el tronco
current	la corriente	mouth (river)	la desembocadura	tulip	el tulipán
daffodil	el narciso	mud	el barro	valley	el valle
daisy	la margarita	nature	la naturaleza	view	la vista
darkness	la obscuridad	north	el norte	water	el agua (f)
desert	el desierto	peninsula	la península	fresh water	el agua dulce
dew	el rocío	plain	el llano	salt water	el agua salada
dust	el polvo	planet	el planeta	watering can	la regadera
earth	la tierra	plant	la planta	waterfall	la cascada
east	el este	pond	el estanque	wave	la ola
farm	la granja	pot (for plants)	la maceta	weather	el tiempo
field	el campo	rain	la lluvia	west	el oeste
flower	la flor	rainbow	el arco iris	wind	el viento
foam	la espuma	river	el río	world	el mundo
fog	le niebla	rock	la roca
foliage	el follaje	root	la raíz
forest	el bosque	rose	la rosa
frost	la helada	sand	la arena

59. To Say and to Go Out

decir - to say			salir - to go out
digo dices dice	decimos decís dicen		salgo sales sale	salimos salís salen

60. Para vs. Por and Pero vs. Sino

Para is used to express: use or destination (for), purpose (in order to); point of future time (for, by) and to be about to (estar para + infinitive - though this is not used in all dialects of Spanish.)

La carta es para Concha. The letter is for Concha.
Estudia para aprender. He studies in order to learn.
Lo tendré para el martes. I will have it by Tuesday.
Juan está para salir. John is about to leave.

Por is used to express: a place through or along which; expressions of time (in, during, at); exchange, price (for); unit of measure (by, per); way or means (by); because of, on account of, for; to go for, to send for; on behalf of, for the sake of; motive, reason. It is also used after a passive verb to indicate the agent (by) and estar por + infinitive indicates what remains to be done or to be in favor of.

por el pueblo through the town
por la mañana in the morning
Pagó un peso por el libro. He paid a dollar for the book.
Se vende por libras. It's sold by the pound.
Voy por tren. I'm going by train.
Voy por Alicia. I'm going for Alice.
Voté por Juanita. I voted for Juanita.
Fue escrito por Cervantes. It was written by Cervantes.
La carta está por escribir. The letter is yet to be written.
Estoy por escribirla. I am in favor of writing it.

Pero (but) usually follows an affirmative expression, but may follow a negative statement if the verb of the first clause is repeated, or if another verb follows.

Bebe leche pero no bebe café. He drinks milk, but he does not drink coffee.

Sino (but) is only used in negative sentences of contrasting statements when the verb of the first clause is understood but not repeated.

No bebe café sino leche. He does not drink coffee, but milk.

61. Object Pronouns

Subject		Direct		Indirect		Object of Prepositions
yo	I	me	me	me	to me	mí	me
tú	you	te	you	te	to you	ti	you
él	he/it	lo	him/it	le	to him/it	él	him/it
ella	she/it	la	her/it	le	to her/it	ella	her/it
Usted	you	la	you	le	to you	Usted	you
nosotros (as)	we	nos	us	nos	to us	nosotros (as)	us
vosotros (as)	you	os	you	os	to you	vosotros (as)	you
Ustedes	you	los, las	you	les	to you	Ustedes	you
ellos (as)	they	los	them	les	to them	ellos (as)	them

An object pronoun generally precedes the conjugated verb, except if is used in an affirmative command, with an infinitive or gerund. Then it is attached to the verb as one word. Déme Ud. el libro. Give me the book.
When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct. If both pronouns begin with the letter l, then the first one is changed to se.
When one or two object pronouns follow and are attached to the verb form, an accent mark must be added to retain the original stress of the word.
For clearness or emphasis, the prepositional form of a plus an object of a preposition may be used. Nos envió a Ud. He sent us to you.
When the preposition con (with) precedes me or te, the words change to conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you).

62. Parts of the Body

ankle	el tobillo	fever	la fiebre	pain	el dolor
arm	el brazo	finger	el dedo	nose	la nariz
artery	la arteria	fist	el puño	palm	la palma
back	la espalda	flesh	la carne	pulse	el pulso
beard	la barba	foot	el pie	rib	la costilla
belly	el vientre	forehead	la frente	shin	la espinilla
bladder	la vejiga	gum	la encía	shoulder	el hombro
blood	la sangre	hair	el cabello / el pelo	skeleton	el esqueleto
body	el cuerpo	hand	la mano	skin	la piel
bone	el hueso	head	la cabeza	skull	el cráneo
brain	el cerebro	health	la salud	sole	la planta
breast	el seno	heart	el corazón	spine	la espina dorsal
breath	el aliento	heel	el talón	stomach	el estómago
calf	la pantorrilla	hip	la cadera	tear	la lágrima
cheek	la mejilla	intestine	el intestino	temple	la sien
chest	el pecho	jaw	la quijada	thigh	el muslo
chin	la barba / la barbilla	kidney	el riñón	throat	la garganta
coccyx	el coxis	knee	la rodilla	thumb	el pulgar
cold	el resfriado	leg	la pierna	toe	el dedo del pie
complexion	la tez	lip	el labio	tongue	la lengua
cough	la tos	liver	el hígado	tooth	el diente
disease	la enfermedad	lung	el pulmón	vein	la vena
ear	la oreja	moustache	el bigote	wound	le herida
elbow	el codo	mouth	la boca	waist	la cintura
eye	el ojo	muscle	el músculo	wrist	la muñeca
eyebrow	la ceja	nail	la uña
eyelid	el párpado	neck	el cuello
face	la cara	nerve	el nervio

To express pain, use an indirect object pronoun + duele(n) + body part.

Me duele la cabeza. My head hurts.
Le duelen los pies. His feet hurt.

63. Asking Questions

Simply raise your voice at the end of the sentence.
Place the predicate in front of the subject of the sentence.
Add no? or verdad? or no es verdad? to the end of the statement. These translate to many phrases in English, such as Isn't it? Aren't you? Don't you? Didn't he? Isn't she? etc.

64. To Give and to Bring

dar - to give			traer - to bring
doy das da	damos dais dan		traigo traes trae	traemos traéis traen

65. Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun connects a dependent clause to a main clause and refers to something already mentioned (the antecedent.) This pronoun may serve as the subject or object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. Que and quien are the most commonly used relative pronouns.

Que (who, whom, that, which) refers to persons or things, except after a preposition, when it refers to things only. El que (and its forms - la que, los que, las que) and el cual (and its forms - la cual, los cuales, las cuales) may replace que or quien. These pronouns are used for clearness when there are two antecedents, and with prepositions.

La casa en que vivo es pequeña. The house in which I live is small.
He visitado la ciudad cerca de la cual vive. I visited the city near which he lives.

Quien (-es) (who) is used in a supplementary clause. When used with a preposition, it means whom. Quien (-es) is often used in place of el que and its forms as well, when it means one who, those who, etc.

Lo que and lo cual (which) refer to the whole sentence.

Cuyo (-a, -os, -as) is a possessive adjective and it agrees in gender and number with the thing possessed, which is always the word that follows it.

66. Disjunctive Pronouns

Disjunctive pronouns are used independently of the verb. They are the pronouns which follow prepositions, or show emphasis.

mí
ti
él
ella
Usted

nosotros (-as)
vosotros (-as)
ellos
ellas
Ustedes

Ello is also used as a neuter pronoun meaning it. Sí can mean yourself, himself, herself, yourselves or themselves. When con combines with mí, ti or sí, the words become conmigo, contigo and consigo. For clearness, the forms of mismo (-a, -os, -as) can be added to these pronouns.

67. To Hear, to Smell and to See

oír - to hear			oler - to smell			ver - to see
oigo oyes oye	oímos oís oyen		huelo hueles huele	olemos oléis huelen		veo ves ve	vemos veis ven

68. Animals

animal	el animal	duck	el pato	lark	la alondra	sea gull	la gaviota
ant	la hormiga	eagle	el águila (f)	lion	el león	seahorse	el caballito de mar
antelope	el antílope	eel	el anguila	lizard	el lagarto	seal	la foca
antenna	la antena	egg	el huevo	lobster (spiny)	la langosta	shark	el tiburón
antler	el asta	elephant	el elefante	louse	el piojo	sheep	la oveja
badger	el tejón	feather	la pluma	mackerel	el escombro	shrimp	la gamba
bat	el murciélago	fin	la aleta	mole	el topo	skin	la piel
beak	el pico	fish	el pez	monkey	el mono	slug	la babosa
bear	el oso	flea	la pulga	mosquito	el mosquito	snail	el caracol
bee	la abeja	fly	la mosca	moth	la polilla	snake	la serpiente / la culebra
beetle	el escarabajo	fox	el zorro	mouse	el ratón	sole	el lenguado
bird	el pájaro	frog	la rana	mule	el mulo	sparrow	el gorrión
blackbird	el mirlo	fur	el pelo	mussel	la almeja	spider	la araña
bull	el toro	gill	la branquia	nest	el nido	squid	el calamar
butterfly	la mariposa	giraffe	la jirafa	nightingale	el ruiseñor	squirrel	la ardilla
calf	el ternero	goat	la cabra	octopus	el pulpo	starfish	la estrella de mar
carp	la carpa	goose	el ganso	ostrich	el avestruz	stork	la cigüeña
cat	el gato	gorilla	el gorila	owl	el buho	swallow	la golondrina
caterpillar	la oruga	grasshopper	el saltamontes	ox	el buey	swan	el cisne
cheetah	el guepardo	hamster	la marmota	oyster	la ostra	tadpole	el renacuajo
chicken	el pollo	hare	la liebre	parrot	el loro	tail	la cola
chimpanzee	el chimpancé	hedgehog	el erizo	partridge	la perdiz	tiger	el tigre
claw	la zarpa	hen	la gallina	paw	la pata	toad	el sapo
cockroach	la cucaracha	heron	la garza	penguin	el pingüino	trout	la trucha
cod	el bacalao	herring	el arenque	pig	el cerdo	tuna	el atún
cocoon	el capullo	hoof	la pezuña	pigeon	el pichón	turkey	el pavo
cow	la vaca	horn	el cuerno	pike	el sollo	turtle	la tortuga
crab	el cangrejo	horse	el caballo	pony	el potro	wasp	la avispa
crayfish	el cangrejo	hummingbird	el colibri	rabbit	el conejo	weasel	la comadreja
crocodile	el cocodrilo	iguana	la iguana	raccoon	el mapache	whale	la ballena
crow	el cuervo	insect	el insecto	rat	la rata	wing	el ala (f)
deer	el ciervo	jellyfish	la medusa	rooster	el gallo	wolf	el lobo
dog	el perro	kitten	el gatito	salmon	el salmón	worm	el gusano
donkey	el burro	ladybug	la catarina	scale	la escama	zebra	la cebra
dragonfly	la libélula	lamb	el cordero	scorpion	el escorpión

69. Suffixes

Suffixes may be attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs. Unaccented vowels should be dropped before adding the suffixes. The most common suffixes are -ito (a) and -cito (a). They express size, affection, admiration, appreciation or pity. The ending -ero (a) indicates the maker or dealer in charge of something. To indicate where something is made or sold, add -ería. When -eza and -ura are added to adjectives, they express abstract nouns. When -dor is added to a verb (minus the final letter), it indicates the performer of the action.

70. Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but it is very common and important in Spanish. Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present subjunctive should not be too difficult. Start with the first person singular yo conjugation in the present indicative tense, remove the final -o and add these endings:

Present Subjunctive

-ar verbs		-er and -ir
-e -es -e	-emos -éis -en	-a -as -a	-amos -áis -an

(Notice that -ar verbs use -e and -er/-ir verbs use -a)

Usually when there is an irregular spelling change in the present indicative of a verb, that form will be used for the stem of all of the subjunctive forms. (Review #29 from Spanish I) Verbs than end in -erir, -ertir, or -entir use two different irregular spellings in the present subjunctive:

mentir in present subjunctive
mienta mientas mienta	mintamos mintáis mientan

The past subjunctive is formed from the third person plural of the preterite. Remove the -on ending, leaving you with -ar and -ier, and add these new endings:

Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive

all verbs
-a -as -a	-amos -ais -an

An accent is added to the stem vowel as well in the first person plural form. Instead of hablaramos, it is habláramos; instead of comieramos, it is comiéramos, etc. Note that there is another way to form the past subjunctive (a different set of endings), but the endings given are used more often. You must always the past subjunctive after como si. Es como si fuera mi padre. It's as if he were my father.

The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. Similarly, the past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.

Present perfect subjunctive				Past perfect subjunctive
haya hayas haya	hayamos hayáis hayan	+ past participle		hubiera hubieras hubiera	hubiéramos hubierais hubieran	+ past participle

You must always pay attention to the correct usage of verb tenses. When the verb of the main clause is in the present or future, then the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the present subjunctive. But if the verb in the main clause is in a past tense, the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the past subjunctive.

71. Irregular Subjunctive Mood

Many verbs are considered irregular in the present subjunctive mood. However, only six verbs (marked in grey below) do not follow the pattern described above when starting with the yo conjugation of the indicative. Nevertheless, these verbs are still somewhat easy to remember even if they don't follow the pattern because the imperative form will help you determine the stem to use for the subjunctive conjugation.

dar - to give		decir - to say/tell		estar - to be
dé des dé	demos deis den	diga digas diga	digamos digáis digan	esté estés esté	estemos estéis estén
haber - to have		hacer - to do/make		ir - to go
haya hayas haya	hayamos hayáis hayan	haga hagas haga	hagamos hagáis hagan	vaya vayas vaya	vayamos vayáis vayan
poder - to be able to		poner - to put/place		querer - to want
pueda puedas pueda	podamos podáis puedan	ponga pongas ponga	pongamos pongáis pongan	quiera quieras quiera	queramos queráis quieran
saber - to know		salir - to go out		ser - to be
sepa sepas sepa	sepamos sepáis sepan	salga salgas salga	salgamos salgáis salgan	sea seas sea	seamos seáis sean
tener - to have		traer - to bring		venir - to come
tenga tengas tenga	tengamos tengáis tengan	traiga traigas traiga	traigamos traigáis traigan	venga vengas venga	vengamos vengáis vengan

Many verbs are irregular in the past subjunctive as well:

dar - to give		decir - to say/tell		estar - to be
diera dieras diera	diéramos dierais dieran	dijera dijeras dijera	dijéramos dijerais dijeran	estuviera estuvieras estuviera	estuviéramos estuvierais estuvieran
haber - to have		hacer - to do/make		ir - to go
hubiera hubieras hubiera	hubiéramos hubierais hubieran	hiciera hicieras hiciera	hiciéramos hicierais hicieran	fuera fueras fuera	fuéramos fuerais fueran
poder - to be able to		poner - to put/place		querer - to want
pudiera pudieras pudiera	pudiéramos pudierais pudieran	pusiera pusieras pusiera	pusiéramos pusierais pusieran	quisiera quisieras quisiera	quisiéramos quisierais quisieran
saber - to know		ser - to be		tener - to have
supiera supieras supiera	supiéramos supierais supieran	fuera fueras fuera	fuéramos fuerais fueran	tuviera tuvieras tuviera	tuviéramos tuvierais tuvieran
traer - to bring		venir - to come
trajera trajeras trajera	trajéramos trajerais trajeran	viniera vinieras viniera	viniéramos vinierais vinieran

72. Uses of the Subjunctive

The main uses of the subjunctive include (generally, que will follow the verb):

1. After the verbs querer and desear (to want) when there is a change of subject (but use the infinitive if there is no change of subject)

2. When one person tells (decir) or asks (pedir) another person to do something.

3. After verbs of emotion or command, such as esperar (to hope), sentir (to be sorry), temer (to fear), alegrarse (to be glad), mandar (to order), rogar (to request), when there is a change of subject.

4. After dudar (to doubt) and other verbs expressing uncertainty (negative of creer), as well as after quizás, tal vez and acaso (maybe) to reinforce the idea of doubt.

5. After most impersonal expressions, such as es posible que / puede que (it's possible), es importante que (it's important), es necesario que / hace falta (it's necessary) if there is a subject for the subordinate verb.

6. In adjective clauses is the antecedent is indefinite

7. After certain conjunctions, such as para que (in order that), sin que (without), and antes que (before)

8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until), when future is implied.

9. After que in expressions of wishes or desires: Que aproveche! Have a good meal!

10. To translate the future tense in subordinating clause: Cuando sea mayor iré a España. When I'm older, I will go to Spain.

In contrary-to-fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the if-clause (and the main clause is in a conditional tense)

73. Adverbs

Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and demasiado (too much).

Adjective	Adverb
correcto fácil claro absoluto rápido	correctamente fácilmente claramente absolutamente rápidamente	correctly easily clearly absolutely rapidly

Lo + adverb + que expresses how, while lo más + adverb + an expression of possibility is translated: as ... as ...

lo bien que how well
lo más pronto posible as soon as possible

74. Passive Voice

In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences, the subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same. The passive voice in Spanish is formed with a tense of ser and a past participle. Ser should be in the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The agent is expressed by por if the action is physical; and by de if mental. The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. If you use estar instead of ser, the past participle is called the predicate adjective and it is not a passive sentence.

Active	El viento destruye la casa.	The wind destroys the house.
Passive	La casa fue destruida por el viento.	The house was destroyed by the wind.
Predicate Adjective	Cuando la vi, la casa estaba destruida.	When I saw it, the house was destroyed.

El niño fue castigado por su padre. The boy was punished by his father.
Rosa es amada por todos. Rose is loved by everyone.

75. Uses of the Infinitive

The infinitive is translated as a gerund (the -ing form of the verb) after these words: el, al, a preposition, ver or oír.

El correr es buen ejercicio. Running is good exercise.

Partió sin hablar. He left without speaking.
Oigo cantar a Maria. I hear Maria singing.

76. Shopping

department store	el almacén	shop/store	la tienda
shopping mall	el centro comercial	(open-air) market	el mercado (al aire libre)
belt	el cinturón	(fixed) price	el precio (fijo)
glasses	las gafas	sale	la rebaja
gloves	los guantes	to bargain	regatear
sunglasses	los lentes de sol	to spend money	gastar

77. Post Office and Bank

post office	el correo	bank	el banco
envelope	el sobre	(traveler's) check	el cheque (de viajero)
mailbox	el buzón	to cash (a check)	cobrar
mail carrier	el cartero	to save (money)	ahorrar
stamps	las estampillas	to deposit	depositar
package	el paquete	account	la cuenta

78. Conditional Tense

The conditional tense expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability.

To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense, also use that stem for the conditional tense.

-ía
-ías
-ía

-íamos
-íais
-ían

79. Infinitives followed by Prepositions

The following verbs require a, de, en or con when followed by another infinitive, although the preposition is not always translated into English.

Verb + a + another infinitive		Verb + de + another infinitive
acostumbrarse aprender atreverse ayudar comenzar convidar decidirse dedicarse empezar enseñar invitar ir negarse persuadir principiar rehusar resignarse resistirse resolverse venir volver	to become used to to learn to to dare to to help to begin to to invite to to decide to to devote oneself to to begin to to teach to to invite to go to to refuse to to persuade to to begin to to refuse to to resign oneself to to resist to resolve to to come to to return to	acabar acordarse alegrarse aprovecharse arrepentirse cansarse cesar dejar encargarse gozar jactarse olvidarse tratar	to have just to remember to be glad to to profit by to repent to tire of to cease to cease to take charge of to take pleasure in to boast of to forget to to try to
Verb + en + another infinitive		Verb + con + another infinitive
consentir consistir divertirse empeñarse esforzarse insistir ocuparse pensar persistir tardar	to consent to to consist to amuse oneself to insist on to endeavor to to insist on to busy oneself to think of to persist in to delay in	contar contentarse soñar	to count on to content oneself with to dream of

80. Office / School Supplies

pencil	el lápiz	dictionary	el diccionario
eraser	la goma	tape (audio)	la cinta
pen	la pluma	map	el mapa
ink	la tinta	newspaper	el periódico
paper	el papel	novel	la novela
letter	la carta	backpack	la mochila
notebook	el cuaderno	stapler	la grapadora
book	el libro	scissors	unas tijeras

81. Parts of a Car & Gas Station

car
garage
tank
gasoline
oil
air
grease
tire
spare tire
wheel
steering wheel
brake
speed
slow
danger
stop
go
service station

el coche
el garage
el tanque
la gasolina
el aceite
el aire
la grasa
la llanta
llanta picada
la rueda
el volante
el freno
la velocidad
despacio
peligro
alto
siga, adelante
la estación de servicio

82. Travelling & Vacation

passport	el pasaporte	airport	el aeropuerto
customs	la aduana	parking lot	el aparcamiento
arrival	la llegada	bus stop	la parada
departure	la salida	traffic jam	los atascos
(round-trip) ticket	el pasaje (de ida y vuelta)	map	el mapa
luggage	el equipaje	countryside	el campo
single/double room	la habitación individual/doble	mountain	la montaña
train (bus) station	la estación de tren (de autobuses)	beach	la playa
subway	la estación de metro	paths	los caminos
to take a trip	hacer un viaje	vacation	las vacaciones
to go on vacation	ir de vacaciones	to drive	conducir
to pack	hacer las maletas	to visit	visitar
to travel	viajar	to walk	pasearse
to fly	volar	to get lost	perderse

83. Cosmetics / Toiletries

shampoo	el champú	brush	el cepillo
soap	el jabón	comb	el peine
makeup	el maquillaje	toothpaste	la pasta de dientes
shaving cream	la crema de afeitar	toothbrush	el cepillo de dientes
lotion	la loción	towel	la toalla
nail polish	el esmalte para las uñas	electric razor	la maquinilla de afeitar

84. Other Perfect Tenses

Beside the present and past perfect tenses, there are also the preterite, future and conditional perfect tenses. All are conjugated with a form of haber and a past participle.

The preterite perfect is formed with the preterite of haber + past participle, and it has the same meaning as the past perfect. But this tense is normally only used after conjunctions of time, such as así que, luego que, tan pronto como (as soon as); cuando (when); después (de) que (after); and hasta que (until).

The future perfect is formed with the future of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the present.

The conditional perfect is formed with the conditional of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the past.

85. Durations of Time

Ago : hace + a period of time
Se fue hace quince días. He left fifteen days ago.

Since / For : desde hace + a period of time (careful with verb tenses here: present tense in Spanish, present perfect or present perfect continuous in English)
No vienes a verme desde hace un mes. You haven't come to see me for a month.

In : dentro de + a period of time (time at which something will happen)
Te llamo dentro de media hora. I'll call you in a half hour.

86. Telephone

Hello	Diga	telephone book	la guía telefónica
Hello (reply)	Oiga	yellow pages	las páginas amarillas
This is...	Soy...	to transfer someone	poner con alguien
phone card	una tarjeta telefónica	to call	telefonear
phone booth	una cabina	to pick up	descolgar
call	una llamada	to hang up	colgar
ringtone	el timbre del teléfono	to leave a message	dejar un recado
dialtone	el tono de marcar	to be very talkative	hablar por los codos
wrong number	un número equivocado	to dial a number	marcar un número
busy signal	la señal de ocupado

87. Exclamations

Exclamatory phrases, which express what a or how, begin with qué, cuánto, and cómo. Qué can be followed by a noun or an adjective. Sometimes tan or más are also used with the adjective to emphasize a defect or a quality. ¡Qué mujer! What a woman! ¡Qué familia tan unida! What a united family!

Cuánto expresses quantity, and agrees in gender and number with the adjective that follows. It can also be followed by a verb, in which case there is no agreement. Furthermore, lo que can replace cuánto when a verb follows. ¡Cuánta comida! How much food! / There's a lot of food! ¡Cuánto comes! How you eat! / You eat a lot!

Cómo expresses the manner in which something is done. It can only be followed by a verb. ¡Cómo baila! How he dances! / He dances well!

88. Colloquial Expressions

la pandilla	group of friends	¡qué pasada!	that's awesome!
el colega / el socio	friend	¡qué rollo!	it's boring!
el profe	teacher	¡chulo! ¡chula!	great!
el cole	middle school	ser un lince	to be very clever
un(a) chaval(a)	guy/girl	llevarse un chasco	to be disappointed
un tío	guy	estar hasta la gorra	to be fed up
un ligue	flirt	ligar	to flirt
un empollón	hard-worker	estar hecho papilla	to be sad
un cabeza de chorlito	scatterbrain	estar hecho polvo	to be tired
un cabeza cuadrada	stubborn	estar mal del coco	to be crazy
un cara de mala leche	mean look/face	estar harto	to be fed up

89. Aspects of Action

To express an action that is planned (going to happen): ir a + infinitive. Voy a acostarme. I'm going to go to bed.

To express an action that is just about to happen: estar a punto de + infinitive or estar para + infinitive. El avión está para aterrizar. The plane is about to land.

To express an action that repeats: volver a + infinitive. Vuelve a escribir su nombre. You write your name again.

To express an action that has just happened: acabar de + infinitive. Acabo de llegar. I just arrived.

90. Verbs of Feelings

Several verbs in Spanish that express feelings (pleasure, pain, etc.) have different word order than in English. These verbs have the same construction as gustar (#35): Indirect object + verb + subject. Me, te, le, nos, os, les are the indirect object pronouns. The verb is conjugated in third person singular or plural because it agrees with the subject, not the indirect object.

gustar	to like	dar asco	to hate
apetecer	to feel like	dar miedo	to scare
encantar	to adore	dar lástima	to trouble
dar ganas	to feel like	doler	to hurt

Te apetece salir. You feel like going out.
Le duelen los dientes. His teeth hurt.
Les da miedo la película. The film scares them.

You can also add a mí, a ti, a él, a ella, a usted, a nosotros/-as, a vosotros/-as, a ellos, a ellas, or a ustedes before the indirect object for emphasis.

A mí me gusta el fútbol. Me, I like soccer.

Thanks to IE Languages for permission to use their vocabulary lists.

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